The chance meeting of scientists during the first half of the 20th century was in fact made great p

1973 essay in the journal Science illustration 'Newsletter flro National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)' 11 월호 the (now weekly, monthly naohjiman was at the time) to be a historic milestone in the life science flro papers published flro in one piece. Stanley Cohen, Stanford USA (Stanley Cohen), San Francisco, California for the Herbert Boyer Professor Tim (Herbert Boyer) research team as a result of this research paper with the title of "biologically functional bacterial plasmids prepared to 'it. Life science majors know any details, flro because this is not a strange sense of the term would be difficult to catch, to say the media commonly used in recombinant DNA technology for the first implementation of bilmyeon experiment. 'PNAS' 9 dated May 24, recombinant DNA technology, has published 40 papers anniversary Cohen (Professor, Stanford still leave the enemy) is published in retrospective article. Based on this, it looks to recreate the situation. 1973 년 11 월 journal 'PNAS' was published in a schematic view showing the DNA cloning experiments. One. The restriction enzymes EcoRI restriction enzymes cut the plasmid in place, the alignment is the process. Two. This restriction enzymes EcoRI sequences at both ends of the antibiotic (kanamycin) resistance gene into the DNA ligase followed attach to process. Three. Plasmids flro containing antibiotic resistance genes into E. coli. Four. The introduction of the successful cloning of the gene is expressed in E. coli will survive the antibiotic flro medium. Professor Stanley Cohen of Stanford and California for the United States for DNA cloning flro Professor Herbert Boyer invented and are still yet to receive the Nobel Prize. gangseokgi
The chance meeting of scientists during the first half of the 20th century was in fact made great progress in the life sciences. Linnaeus's classification was based on mainstream biology zoology, botany, microbiology, this kind of paradigm was based on their research progress. 1953 Watson and Crick discovered the double helix of DNA which act as a common principle of life, that is the study of the molecular level, the symbol of a paradigm shift, but still a long way to go. The seeds are scattered here and there, but was Settled in 1968 in Stanford Professor Cohen pathogens acquire resistance to antibiotics, a study to investigate the process started. Penicillin in the 1940s led to the development of antibiotic called flro dwae ileukyeotji medical revolution, but only a dozen years after the antibiotic was found that antibacterial scientists and biologists began to embarrassed. These pathogens are the result of years of study plasmid (plasmid) that, apart from bacterial genomic DNA in the presence of a small circle and the fact that the antibiotic resistance genes are found. Daerong bacteria such as straw are connected back to each other to send and receive antibiotic resistance plasmid obtained. Cohen's team of 1972 artificially bacterial antibiotic resistance genes in the plasmid succeeded in putting development method. In California, for Boyer in 1966 appointed professor at Yale before restriction enzyme when postgraduate studies. Restriction enzymes (restriction endonuclease) is invaded by bacteria to destroy flro the DNA of the virus spreading to 'limited' to produce enzyme. Of the viral DNA with restriction enzymes that recognize specific flro nucleotide sequences Suspect was cut. Hamilton Smith in 1970 was the first U.S. single from Johns Hopkins Haemophilus influenza flro bacteria in spleen HindII ('Hindi to' I read) was named one succeeded in separating the restriction enzyme. Boyer's team is looking for a restriction enzyme from E. coli 1972 and finally advance research EcoRI ('Coe alwon' it reads) built a name, to find a well-known restriction enzymes. EcoRI DNA double helix in the 'GAATTC' crop sequence recognized neunde, interestingly cut between the G and A, because both strands are cut from different locations. As a result, the length of the cut end of the four nucleotide single strand (3'-TTAA-5 ') rests. To do this, a sequence complementary to the truncated portion of the hydrogen bonds with a single strand encounters easy to stick again. Society held in Hawaii by Professor Boyer in this study was presented, the audience heard from Professor Cohen's own research and research professor Boyer taped out the idea that if you listened to interesting results. I had two story beach in Hawaii flro nanueotgo into the restaurant, a specific test method designed on a napkin. EcoRI restriction enzymes that cut the plasmid that is back here again, flro followed by a paste, put an antibiotic resistance gene (DNA ligase was this jakyongreul has just discovered flro that state.) Put me on antibiotic resistance in E. coli that have been envisioned. Thought experiment, which began in 1973 as the second flro dwaetgo understand fluently May progress to reproduce the experiment ended. They point out June paper submission and after several more tests taken in this paper will be published in November. Thus, a specific DNA fragment from the expression plasmid in a way to pick the desired organisms 'DNA clone (cloning)' is called, inclusive, as the 'recombinant DNA technology (recombinant DNA technology)' is called. The first genetically engineered drug, insulin Cohen The paper is passed during the course of the research team, including E. coli, Staphylococcus plasmid genes in E. coli to create plasmid pick scored, he had discovered that the gene is expressed. Different kinds of species of genes showing that even works without a problem flro was the first case. Prof. Cohen and Boyer's team followed the African frog ride on ribosomal RNA gene fragments expressed in E. coli plasmid sikineunde also successful. Bacterial genes that work in amphibians, was as shocking result. This means that a person's genes could also means that the bacteria were in the works. Recombinant DNA technology has enormous potential that industrial means. 1982 년 Hugh commercialized human insulin made by genetic engineering technology is the first bite of the drug is. Eli Lilly
The secretion of a hormone called insulin or diabetes recognized cause of failure is identified after the fact since the 1920s as a treatment for diabetes insulin is started sseuyigi. However, collected from slaughtered cattle and pigs had to be extracted from the pancreas was limited due to supply and demand. Thus, the synthesis of pharmaceutical companies have tried to insulin, insulin is one of 51 amino acids of complex flro biomolecules yirwojin was because it was virtually impossible. 1975 Professor Bob Swanson called Boyer holding hands with a young venture capitalists 'Genentech (Genentech)' flro that made biotechnology venture. And chemically synthesized DNA fragments that were a study of the City of Hope Hospital's Dr. Arthur drew league. Dr. league's teams had a tremendous labor of insulin gene synthesis, cloning it to Boyer's flro team has succeeded in expressing in E. coli. Here was the August 21, 1978, just four days later, on August 25 the U.S. pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly (Eli Lilly) Cornelius's surprise visit to the petting fish Genentech vice president signed a license. 6% if successful commercialization Genentech, City of Hope Hospital in exchange for a royalty of 2%, respectively. Eli Lilly has made human insulin of recombinant DNA technology (product name is Hugh bite (Humulin) 'of the human (human) insulin and the combined mintage) got into a clinical trial, and finally in October 1982 the U.S. Food and Drug Safety Department ( FDA) approval was obtained. flro Today, hundreds of millions flro of people with diabetes worldwide and the salvation of the first genetically engineered insulin medication. Malman genetic engineering and DNA manipulation hear that people are allergic to think about one of the times. Nobel Prize in Life Science and Innovation sikyeotjiman not get the Genentech is publicly traded on NASDAQ in 1980, Professor Boyer and Swanson dwaetgo flro $ 66 million each (equivalent to about 70 billion won, or if you think that was a much bigger money prices) flro became the richest. United States in 1981 as a pioneer in genetic engineering, the magazine 'Time' was also the cover of the 1991 Boyer Professor of early retirement at the age of 55 to wander the world and enjoying life fishing spots, he said. DNA cloning, while not involved in the commercialization of research, Professor Cohen is still time left, and the 40th anniversary of the University in a paper written by a retrospective. Amazing Facts of Life Science and Biotechnology, as well as a huge contribution to the overall development of DNA cloning is still one or two people will never ride the Nobel Prize. But many speculate about such moves Boyer with the commercialization of recombinant DNA technology, they are the cause of it seems to register patents. In other words, one day in 1974 Niels Ray Stanford single dimmer Cohen, director flro of technology licensing to call the patented technology to the proposal. Cohen will continue to receive flro public funding of basic research results in a patent of this will be to convince reluctant, but eventually succumb to Ray Murray commercial use only Stanford and San Francisco, California to pay patent fees under conditions accepted. Until the patent expires in 1997 461 were patent license agreement. Cohen, at the end of this paper, I look at this story and placed gugujeoljeol increases, the life sciences one of the great inventions to enable a quantum leap haenotgo mothande Taj Nobel Prize for the inconvenience this is really a great idea, I wondered flro costs. Gangseokgi Science Columnist | kangsukki@gmail.com Author 2013.11.08 ScienceTimes
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